Cultivo consorciado de milho e fabaceas para produção de silagem
Intercropped silage (whole corn plant and whole soybean plant and/or other legumes) has been shown to be a viable practice to increase its crude protein content. Although intercropping presents advantages for the production system, the technique is still very little explored, and there are many doub...
| Autor principal: | Batista, Vanderson Vieira |
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| Formato: | Tese |
| Idioma: | Português |
| Publicado em: |
Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná
2023
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| Assuntos: | |
| Acesso em linha: |
http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/32510 |
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| Resumo: |
Intercropped silage (whole corn plant and whole soybean plant and/or other legumes) has been shown to be a viable practice to increase its crude protein content. Although intercropping presents advantages for the production system, the technique is still very little explored, and there are many doubts about the arrangement of plants to be used as well as its nitrogen management. The objective was to develop a collection of scientific works, in which biomass yield and bromatological parameters were measured, evaluating different row arrangements, levels and nitrogen management in the corn-legumes intercropped in relation to its monoculture. The studies were carried out at the Federal Technological University of Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, during the 2018/19 to 2020/21 summer growing season, in a factorial scheme of blocks in subdivided plots + corn in monoculture. Four field experiments were updated: 01 – Intercropping row arrangement vs nitrogen levels (intercropping of corn + soybeans); 02 – Intercropping row arrangement vs nitrogen management application (cropping corn and soybeans); 03 – Intercropping row arrangement vs species (intercropping corn and other legumes); 04 – Spacing between rows vs intercropped species (cropping of maize and other legumes). The results indicate that for study 01, the row arrangement influences the final soybean population, consequently its biomass yield, crude protein content and yield per area (2019/20). However, the way which nitrogen was applied inferred only on the silage yield (soybean, corn and total) in the 2020/21 season, showing and yield increase of 1,202 kg ha-1 when N is applied only in the corn crop in relation to the application in the area total. Intercropping row arrangement at study 2 resulted in difference in the population and production of soybean silage and crude protein per area (harvest 2019/20) and during the 2020/21 harvest, there was interaction between the factors for soybean silage productivity. The highest level of nitrogen fertilization (150 kg N ha-1) shows higher values of corn yield and total silage, and higher crude protein yield per area, in relation to the non-application of nitrogen. In study 3, it is noteworthy that the intercropping corn + C. juncea and corn + C. cajan showed lower total silage yield compared to corn in monoculture in the 2018/19. L. purpureus showed similar total silage yield in relation to the monoculture, but with a higher crude protein content (13.5% vs. 9.6%), which resulted in 548 kg more crude protein ha-1 per hectare (2018/19). C. juncea and S. deeringianum in the 90 cm arrangement produced 3,229 and 2,738 kg ha-1 more silage, compared to the 45 cm arrangement (2018/19). The best environmental conditions in the 2019/20 harvest allowed greater total silage yield, with similar values between intercropping and monoculture. On the other hand (2019/20), the consortiums had a higher crude protein content in relation to maize in monoculture, with C. juncea and L. purpureus producing 560 and 390 kg ha-1 of crude protein more than the treatment in monoculture, highlighting as the best leguminous option for intercropping with corn. Study 4 shows that there was a trade-off between legume dry mass yield and corn yield, so that, as the biomass of the legume increases, the production of corn biomass decreases. Total biomass yield was similar between corn in monoculture and intercropping, except for C. cajan in the 1st year and L. purpureus in the 2nd year. The dry mass yield of legumes (silage) was similar between 45 and 90 cm row arrangements in both years. On the other hand, corn had the highest silage yield (1,068 kg ha-1). C. juncea contributed with 33.8 and 29.8% of the total silage yield, which increased the crude corn protein from 9.48 and 9.24% to 12.04 and 12.31%, in the 1st and 2nd year; which represents a percentage increase of 21 and 25%, respectively. Crude protein production per area was higher in all intercropped treatments compared to corn monoculture, except for C. cajan in the 1st year of evaluation. In the 2nd year, better corn development and yield, and total crude protein per area differed only between maize monoculture and C. juncea, which yielded 618 kg ha-1 more crude protein than maize in monoculture. Studies indicate that the intercropping of maize and legumes has the potential to increase the crude protein content of silage. |
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