Seletividade a herbicidas e cultivo consorciado de trevo branco + milho
Intercropping cash crops with perennial legumes can improve crop-livestock systems. However, there is a lack of knowledge on herbicide management to control weed into white clover (Trifolium repens L.) fields and to suppress it when grown intercropped with corn. Aiming to answer some of these questi...
| Autor principal: | Adami, Marcia Fernanda Franchin |
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| Formato: | Tese |
| Idioma: | Português |
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Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná
2018
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riut-1-37432018-12-11T05:00:41Z Seletividade a herbicidas e cultivo consorciado de trevo branco + milho White clover herbicide selective and its intercropp with corn Adami, Marcia Fernanda Franchin Modolo, Alcir José http://lattes.cnpq.br/7372544499267795 Piva, Jonatas Thiago Pitta, Christiano Santos Rocha Assmann, Tangriani Simioni Modolo, Alcir José Cassol, Luís César Trevo-branco Nitrogênio - Fixação Biomassa White clover Nitrogen - Fixation Biomass CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::AGRONOMIA Fitotecnia Intercropping cash crops with perennial legumes can improve crop-livestock systems. However, there is a lack of knowledge on herbicide management to control weed into white clover (Trifolium repens L.) fields and to suppress it when grown intercropped with corn. Aiming to answer some of these questions, the work was divided into two parts: one carried out at greenhouse and one at the field. Glyphosate, 2,4-D, imazethapyr and paraquat + diuron were studied in greenhouse experiments at four application rates in order to evaluate their effects on white clover (Trifolium repens L.) growth and aerial shoot injury at three different phenological stages. At the field, interference between white clover living mulch and corn crop (Zea mays L.) was studied using a clover sward established after one and two growing season in relation to the usual system of corn grown over black oat straw aiming to study the relationships occurring in this intercrop, such as white clover herbicide suppression, competition and its nitrogen effects on corn yield as well as its potential to became perennial after corn growth. Field experiment was divided in first and second period of corn sowing. White clover suppression at the first experiment were: partial suppression achieved by mowing the plots at the corn seeding day; partial suppression achieved by mowing plus chemically broadcast application of 2.4- D and partial suppression achieved by broadcast application of glyphosate. At the second corn sowing period, partial suppression was achieved by a chemically broadcast application of Paraquat/Diuron + 2.4-D; glyphosate + 2.4-D and glyphosate + glyphosate. Cover plants management were established in the main plots, while different nitrogen fertilization levels (0, 60, 120, 180 kg ha-1) were established at the subplots (4.2 x 8 meters). Herbicide-induced foliar injury on white clover ranged from no symptoms to early chlorosis, leaf necrosis, stunted growth and death depending on herbicide rate and white clover phenological stage. Imazethapyr showed the highest selectivity at the three-leaf trifoliate stage. Seedlings treated with glyphosate at 1080 g a.i. ha-1, however, were dead at 21 days after application (DAA). White clover herbicide tolerance increased with plant age, and selectivity was found to be affected as herbicide rate increased. Paraquat + diuron caused the highest levels of white clover phytotoxicity and plant death. The studied herbicides showed potential to be used as selective products on white clover depending on their rates, as well as the timing of their application onto white clover. Clover with 1 growing season is easier suppressed and can be handled in corn intercropping without affecting grain yield, with ability to resume growth in the next growing season. Although, perennial clover sward has greater ability to compete with corn and show higher herbicide tolerance, which difficult its management in intercropping systems. Corn grain yields ranged from 3.0 to 12.3 Mg ha-1 and were greatest in the Gly + Gly treatment. Nitrogen input is an important element for the optimization of such systems, combined with herbicide application to minimize competition effects on the main crop. Nitrogen rates increased plant height, number of grains per row, grain per spike, thousand grain weight and grain yield, being these parameters optimized when white clover was suppressed with broadcast application of herbicides. Based on the results, it is possible to use white clover as living mulch in corn cropping systems with its full recovery after corn harvest without replanting. Consorciar culturas anuais com leguminosas perenes pode trazer uma série de benefícios e melhorar os sistemas de produção agrícola. No entanto, há uma falta de conhecimento sobre o manejo de herbicidas para o controle de plantas daninhas em trevo-branco (Trifolium repens L.) bem como para suprimi-lo quando cultivado em consórcio com milho (Zea mays L.). Com intuito de esclarescer algumas dessas dúvidas, o trabalho foi dividido em duas partes: uma realizada em casa de vegetação e outra no campo. A primeira parte teve por objetivo avaliar a seletividade do trevo branco a três herbicidas e quatro doses, avaliados no estádio fenológico de terceiro trifólio (herbicidas: Glifosato; 2,4-D e Imazetapir), em pleno desenvolvimento e floração plena (herbicidas: Glifosato; 2,4-D e Paraquat/Diuron). A segunda parte foi realizada a campo, sendo as parcelas principais representadas pelas diferentes plantas de cobertura (aveia, trevo branco de 1 e 2 ciclos produtivos) sobre as quais foram estabelecidos os diferentes manejos para supressão do trevo branco e nas subparcelas foram alocadas as doses de nitrogênio (0, 60, 120, 180 kg ha-1). Os experimentos foram alocados em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, sendo que a parte de campo, as doses de nitrogênio foram alocados em delineamento de parcela subdividida (4,2 x 8 metros). Os tratamentos do experimento a campo foram divididos em dois experimentos em função de ter-se trabalhado com duas épocas de semeadura do milho. No primeiro experimento (primeira época de semeadura do millho) a campo, os tratamentos foram: Consórcio trevo branco de 1 ciclo + milho + glifosato, consórcio trevo branco de 2 ciclos + roçada, consórcio trevo branco de 2 ciclos + roçada + 2,4-D e o tratamento controle que foi o cultivo de milho sobre palhada de aveia. No segundo experimento a campo, foram estabelecidos os seguintes tratamentos: aplicação sequencial de gramocil + 2,4-D (300 + 806 g i.a); glifosato + 2,4-D (1080 + 806 g i.a) e glifosato + glifosato (1080 + 1080 g i.a). A fitotoxicidade dos herbicidas no trevo branco variou de ausência de sintomas a clorose precoce, necrose de folhas, crescimento atrofiado e morte dependendo da dose do herbicida e do estágio fenológico do trevo branco. O trevo branco pode ser considerado seletivo aos herbicidas imazetapir, 2,4-D e glifosato, porém, a fitotoxicidade varia em função da dose, do tempo após aplicação e do estádio fenológico. O herbicida Paraquat + Diuron se destacou como o herbicida mais efetivo para controle de trevo branco, enquanto Imazetapir apresentou a maior seletividade ao trevo, podendo ser utilizado no manejo de plantas daninhas em áreas de trevo branco. Trevos de 1 ciclo produtivo apresentam maior facilidade de supressão por herbicidas em relação a trevos de 2 ciclos, que apresentam maior capacidade de competição com o milho e maior tolerância ao herbicida, dificultando seu manejo em sistemas consorciados. A produção de grãos de milho variou de 3,0 a 12,3 t ha-1 entre os tratamentos. O consórcio trevo branco de 1 ciclo + milho não afeta o rendimento de grãos em relação ao milho cultivado sobre aveia preta e permite a perenização da pastagem de trevo branco. A aplicação de doses crescentes de nitrogênio em cobertura promoveu incremento na altura de plantas, no número de grãos por fileira, grãos por espiga, na massa de 1.000 grãos e na produtividade de grãos milho, sendo estes parâmetros otimizados quando o trevo é suprimido com a aplicação de herbicidas. A aplicação sequencial de glifosato resultou em melhor supressão do trevo em comparação aos outros herbicidas, apresentando maior produtividade do milho. O trevo branco pode ser manejado como cobertura viva em sistemas de consórcio com a cultura do milho, com muita ou nenhuma redução de rendimento de grão de milho podendo apresentar plena recuperação ou não do seu crescimento na próxima estação de crescimento sem a necessidade de replantio, dependendo do manejo de supressão adotado. 2018-12-10T11:20:32Z 2018-12-10T11:20:32Z 2018-07-22 doctoralThesis ADAMI, Marcia Fernanda Franchin. Seletividade a herbicidas e cultivo consorciado de trevo branco + milho. 2018. 74 f. Tese (Doutorado em Agronomia) - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Pato Branco, 2018. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/3743 por openAccess application/pdf Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná Pato Branco Brasil Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia UTFPR |
| institution |
Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná |
| collection |
RIUT |
| language |
Português |
| topic |
Trevo-branco Nitrogênio - Fixação Biomassa White clover Nitrogen - Fixation Biomass CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::AGRONOMIA Fitotecnia |
| spellingShingle |
Trevo-branco Nitrogênio - Fixação Biomassa White clover Nitrogen - Fixation Biomass CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::AGRONOMIA Fitotecnia Adami, Marcia Fernanda Franchin Seletividade a herbicidas e cultivo consorciado de trevo branco + milho |
| description |
Intercropping cash crops with perennial legumes can improve crop-livestock systems. However, there is a lack of knowledge on herbicide management to control weed into white clover (Trifolium repens L.) fields and to suppress it when grown intercropped with corn. Aiming to answer some of these questions, the work was divided into two parts: one carried out at greenhouse and one at the field. Glyphosate, 2,4-D, imazethapyr and paraquat + diuron were studied in greenhouse experiments at four application rates in order to evaluate their effects on white clover (Trifolium repens L.) growth and aerial shoot injury at three different phenological stages. At the field, interference between white clover living mulch and corn crop (Zea mays L.) was studied using a clover sward established after one and two growing season in relation to the usual system of corn grown over black oat straw aiming to study the relationships occurring in this intercrop, such as white clover herbicide suppression, competition and its nitrogen effects on corn yield as well as its potential to became perennial after corn growth. Field experiment was divided in first and second period of corn sowing. White clover suppression at the first experiment were: partial suppression achieved by mowing the plots at the corn seeding day; partial suppression achieved by mowing plus chemically broadcast application of 2.4- D and partial suppression achieved by broadcast application of glyphosate. At the second corn sowing period, partial suppression was achieved by a chemically broadcast application of Paraquat/Diuron + 2.4-D; glyphosate + 2.4-D and glyphosate + glyphosate. Cover plants management were established in the main plots, while different nitrogen fertilization levels (0, 60, 120, 180 kg ha-1) were established at the subplots (4.2 x 8 meters). Herbicide-induced foliar injury on white clover ranged from no symptoms to early chlorosis, leaf necrosis, stunted growth and death depending on herbicide rate and white clover phenological stage. Imazethapyr showed the highest selectivity at the three-leaf trifoliate stage. Seedlings treated with glyphosate at 1080 g a.i. ha-1, however, were dead at 21 days after application (DAA). White clover herbicide tolerance increased with plant age, and selectivity was found to be affected as herbicide rate increased. Paraquat + diuron caused the highest levels of white clover phytotoxicity and plant death. The studied herbicides showed potential to be used as selective products on white clover depending on their rates, as well as the timing of their application onto white clover. Clover with 1 growing season is easier suppressed and can be handled in corn intercropping without affecting grain yield, with ability to resume growth in the next growing season. Although, perennial clover sward has greater ability to compete with corn and show higher herbicide tolerance, which difficult its management in intercropping systems. Corn grain yields ranged from 3.0 to 12.3 Mg ha-1 and were greatest in the Gly + Gly treatment. Nitrogen input is an important element for the optimization of such systems, combined with herbicide application to minimize competition effects on the main crop. Nitrogen rates increased plant height, number of grains per row, grain per spike, thousand grain weight and grain yield, being these parameters optimized when white clover was suppressed with broadcast application of herbicides. Based on the results, it is possible to use white clover as living mulch in corn cropping systems with its full recovery after corn harvest without replanting. |
| format |
Tese |
| author |
Adami, Marcia Fernanda Franchin |
| author_sort |
Adami, Marcia Fernanda Franchin |
| title |
Seletividade a herbicidas e cultivo consorciado de trevo branco + milho |
| title_short |
Seletividade a herbicidas e cultivo consorciado de trevo branco + milho |
| title_full |
Seletividade a herbicidas e cultivo consorciado de trevo branco + milho |
| title_fullStr |
Seletividade a herbicidas e cultivo consorciado de trevo branco + milho |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Seletividade a herbicidas e cultivo consorciado de trevo branco + milho |
| title_sort |
seletividade a herbicidas e cultivo consorciado de trevo branco + milho |
| publisher |
Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná |
| publishDate |
2018 |
| citation |
ADAMI, Marcia Fernanda Franchin. Seletividade a herbicidas e cultivo consorciado de trevo branco + milho. 2018. 74 f. Tese (Doutorado em Agronomia) - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Pato Branco, 2018. |
| url |
http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/3743 |
| _version_ |
1805309342314921984 |
| score |
10,814766 |